Capitalism ....civics...form iv

 

Characteristics of Market System Capitalism
	.

. Basic characteristics of capitalism (market economy)     A. Economic systems determine what to produce, how to produce, and who will receive production.      B. An economic system must also have the ability to adapt to changing economic environments.                Basic characteristics described by Adam Smith          1. Private property-the right to own resources and bequeath property          2. Freedom of enterprise-own a business          3. Freedom of economic choice-work/not work, spend/not spend          4. Role of self-interest              a. People are by nature economic creatures              b. Self-interest is a fundamental characteristic of people          5. Competitive market system              a. Many buyers and sellers              b. Market participants, buyers and sellers, have little control over price              c. Competition performs the organizing and controlling functions for a market  economy             6. Limited government               a. Government should let markets be with a hands-off philosophy)              b. Acceptable government involvement has become an important political                  question in the United States during the last few decades.                     1. Complex Market System Setting Prices         2. Importance of Capital Goods and Technology         3. Specialized             a. Complexity requires company produce limit their product lines             b. Division of Labor allows specialization by ability ad training.     .          1. Change involves the creation of improved economic structures based on              technology and the destruction of inefficient  economic structures.          2. Capitalism allows this destruction to take place.

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I. Basic characteristics of capitalism (market economy)    A. Economic systems determine what to produce, how to produce, and who will receive production.     B. An economic system must also have the ability to adapt to changing economic environments.          For example, How will America's economic system adapt to changes caused by September 11?     C. Adam Smith described the beginning of capitalism.           1. His book, The Wealth of Nations, was the first description of capitalism.          2. Published in 1776, it described capitalism as it was practiced in 18th century England.          3. For more visit http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Smith.html    D. Basic characteristics described by Adam Smith         1. Private property-the right to own resources and bequeath property          2. Freedom of enterprise-own a business          3. Freedom of economic choice-work/not work, spend/not spend          4. Role of self-interest              a. People are by nature economic creatures              b. Self-interest is a fundamental characteristic of people          5. Competitive market system              a. Many buyers and sellers              b. Market participants, buyers and sellers, have little control over price              c. Competition performs the organizing and controlling functions for a market economy             6. Limited government ("Laissez-faire ")               a. Government should let markets be with a hands-off philosophy)              b. Acceptable government involvement has become an important political                  question in the United States during the last few decades.               c. Francois Quesnay popularized the term laissez faire.     E. Modern Capitalism has additional features         1. Complex Market System Setting Prices         2. Importance of Capital Goods and Technology         3. Specialized             a. Complexity requires company produce limit their product lines             b. Division of Labor allows specialization by ability ad training.      F. Corporate Capitalism describe a capitalist marketplace characterized by the            dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations.      G. Crony Capitalism has been around from the beginning, its new name is Corporate Welfare.       H. Creative Destruction described by 20th century sociologist and           economist Joseph Schumpeter           was an important addition to the idea of capitalism.          1. Change involves the creation of improved economic structures based on              technology and the destruction of inefficient  economic structures.          2. Capitalism allows this destruction to take place.          3. The fight between labor and management has also brought much            4. Let Us Now Praise Private Equity explores the application of creative destruction              to the poor job creation during the great recession. National Review. 2/6/12      I.  The Fall of Rome reviews the market system of the Roman empire and how the author believes          government failures caused its demise..      K. Blackstone's Byron Wien, a successful capitalist,  Discusses Lessons Learned in his First-80-years

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SYLLBUS CIVICS

                      CLASS TOPICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL SYLLBUS  CIVICS

                                                        TOPICS- FORM II



PROMOTIONS OF LIFE SKILLS
SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
GOVERNMENT OF TANZANIA
GOVERNMENT
THE CONSTITUTION
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
THE REASONS FOR AND IMPORTANCE OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR UNION
DEMOCRACY
TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
GENDER
THE CONCEPT OF GENDER


                                                           TOPICS-FORM III


PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS
GOOD LEADERSHIP, TEAM WORK, POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP, SELF WORTH AND CONFIDENCE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL SERVICES
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES
THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES
POVERTY
INDICATORS OF POVERTY
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF POVERTY IN TANZANIA
STRATEGIES OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN TANZANIA


                                                 TOPICS-FORM IV



CULTURE
ASPECTS AND ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF OUR CULTURAL VALUES
PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION OF OUR WORTHY CULTURAL VALUES
CULTURE OF PREVENTIVE CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF PERSONAL AND PUBLIC PROPERTY
PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS
GLOBALIZATION
THE CONCEPT AND ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

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CLASS TOPICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL SYLLABUS HISTORY

CLASS TOPICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL SYLLABUS
HISTORY


                             FORM I-IV
TOPICS-Form I


SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

SOURCES OF HISTORY

EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

EVOLUTION OF MAN

EARLY STONE AGE

MIDDLE STONE AGE

NEW STONE AGE

IRON AGE

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT

AGRICULTURE

HANDICRAFTS,INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

TRADE IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS

KINSHIP OF CLAN ORGANIZATION

AGE-SET SYSTEM

NTEMISHIP

STATE ORGANIZATION


                                            TOPICS-FORM II

INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS FOR INTERCATIONS

THE COMING OF THE NGONI

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND PRODUCTION

TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PRODUCTION

COMMUNALISM

SLAVERY

FEUDALISM

AFRICAN AND THE EXTERNAL WORLD

EARLY CONTACTS WITH THE MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST

CONTACTS WITH EUROPE (THE PORTUGUESE, DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE)

SLAVE TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN SEA-BOARDAND TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

DEMANDS OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

AGENTS OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE

BRITISH OCCUPATION OF SOUTH AFRICA VIA THE CAPE












                                          TOPICS-FORM III


ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM

SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

THE BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-85)

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL CONTROL/RULE


AFRICAN REACTIONS TO COLONIAL RULE

COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS

DIRECT RULE, INDIRECT RULE, ASSIMILATION AND ASSOCIATION

COLONIAL MILITARY AND COLONIAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS

COLONIAL ECONOMY

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL ECONOMY

SECTORS OF COLONIAL ECONOMY

COLONIAL LABOUR

COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES

COLONIAL EDUCATION

COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICES

PROVISION OF WATER AND HOUSING SERVICES DURING THE COLONIAL ERA


                                         TOPICS-FORM IV



CRISES IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM

FIRST WORLD WAR: CAUSES AND IMPACT ON AFRICA

THE GREAT DEPRESSION: ITS CAUSES AND IMPACT ON AFRICA

THE SECOND WORLD WAR: CAUSES AND IMPACT ON AFRICA

NATIONALISM AND DECOLONISATION

NATIONALISM IN AFRICA

THE RISE OF SOCIAL AND WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS

THE RISE OF PROTEST AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

RISE OF MASS NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN AFRICA

DECOLONISATION THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS

DECOLONISATION THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE

DECOLONISATION THROUGH REVOLUTION

CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA AFTER 

INDEPENDENCE

CHANGES IN POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS

CHANGES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

PROVISION OF EDUCATION IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

CHANGES IN THE PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE IN AFRICA

CHANGES IN THE PROVISION OF WATER SERVICES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

CHANGES IN THE PROVISION OF HOUSING SERVICES AFTER INDEPENDENCE

ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL MILITARY AND NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS

PROBLEMS HINDERING DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

CONTINENTAL COOPERATION

AFRICAN REGIONAL COOPERATION

AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

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TOPICS IN GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS FORM I-IV

TOPICS IN GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
                                                              FORM I-IV



                                        TOPICS-FORM I




CONCEPT OF GEOGRAPHY
MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY PHENOMENA
IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
THE CONCEPT OF SOLAR SYSTEM
THE SUN
SOLAR ENERGY
THE PLANETS
OTHER BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
THE EARTH
EARTH’S MOVEMENT
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS
MAJOR FEATURES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
CONTINENTS
WATER BODIES
WEATHER
CONCEPT OF WEATHER
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
WEATHER STATION
CLIMATE
CONCEPT OF CLIMATE
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
IMPACT OF CLIMATE
MAP WORK
THE CONCEPT OF A MAP
COMPONENTS OF A MAP
QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ON MAPS
USES OF MAPS





                                          TOPICS-FORM II



HUMAN ACTIVITIES
CONCEPT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE
LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE
LIVESTOCK KEEPING
WATER MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
LAND RECLAMATION
SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER RESOURCES
WATER POLLUTION
SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST RESOURCES
TYPES OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY RESOURCES
IMPORTANT AREAS OF FOREST PRODUCTS, THEIR TRANSPORT AND USE IN THE WORLD
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FORESTRY RESOURCES HARVESTING
SUSTAINABLE MINING
TYPES OF MINING INDUSTRY
TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINING REGIONS IN THE WORLD
METHODS OF MINING
CONTRIBUTION OF MINING INDUSTRY TO THE ECONOMY OF TANZANIA
THE EFFECTS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
FOCAL STUDIES;
OIL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA
TOURISM
CONCEPT OF TOURISM
FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN THE WORLD
FOCAL STUDIES ON TOURISM INDUSTRY
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
TYPES OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
FACTORS FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
FOCAL STUDIES;
PRODUCTION OF CARS IN JAPAN
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA
PRODUCTION OF TEXTILES IN TANZANIA
SUSTAINABLE USE OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
DEFINE POWER AND ENERGY
MAJOR SOURCES OF POWER
METHODS OF ACQUIRING OR EXTRACTING POWER AND ENERGY
IMPORTANCE AND USES OF POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
PROBLEMS FACING POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
FOCAL STUDIES;
SOLAR AND WIND POWER IN U.S.A
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER AND BIOGAS IN TANZANIA
TRANSPORT
MAIN TYPES OF TRANSPORT
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT
PROBLEMS FACING TRANSPORT INDUSTRY




                                                TOPICS-FORM III


STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
THE EARTH’S CRUST, THE MANTLE, THE CORE AND THEIR RESPECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
TYPES OF ROCKS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
SIMPLIFIED GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
FORCES THAT AFFECT THE EARTH
FORCES CAUSING EARTH MOVEMENTS:
INTERNAL FORCES
Radial/Vertical movement
Lateral or horizontal movement
Vulcanicity
Earth-quakes
EXTERNAL FORCES
Mass wasting
Weathering
Erosion and Deposition by running water, ice, wind and wave action
ARTIFICIAL FORCES
SOIL
SOIL FORMATION
SOIL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
SOIL PROFILE AND CHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLE SOIL CLASSIFICATION
SOIL EROSION
ELEMENTARY SURVEY AND MAP
MEANING AND TYPES OF SURVEY
CHAIN SURVEY
MAP READING AND MAP INTERPRETATION
CONCEPT OF MAP READING
READING AND INTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
PHOTOGRAPH READING AND INTERPRETATION
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS
READING AND INTERPRETING PHOTOGRAPHS
APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
CONCEPT OF STATISTICS
SIMPLE STATISTICAL MEASURES AND INTERPRETATION



                                            TOPICS-FORM IV



INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
CONCEPT OF RESEARCH
STATES OF RESEARCH WORK
CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS
WORLD CLIMATIC TYPES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD
HUMAN POPULATION
CONCEPT OF POPULATION
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
POPULATION CHANGE
POPULATION DATA
POPULATION PROBLEMS
POPULATION POLICY
SETTLEMENTS
CONCEPTS OF SETTLEMENT
GROWTH OF SETTLEMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT
THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

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Urine Formation.....FORM III

A.     Filtration,

 B.     Reabsorption,

 C.      and Secretion

1. Urine is a fluid that rids the body of water and solutes that are in excess of the amounts needed to maintain the extracellular fluid.

2. Urine forms through a sequence of three processes:

a. In filtration, blood pressure forces filtrate out of the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule, then into the proximal tubule.

1) Blood cells, proteins, and other large solutes cannot pass the capillary wall into the capsule.

2) Water, glucose, sodium, and urea are forced out.

b. Reabsorption takes place in the tubular parts of the nephron where water and solutes move across the tubular wall out of the nephron (by diffusion or active transport) and into the surrounding capillaries.

c. Secretion moves substances from the capillaries into the nephron walls.

1) Capillaries surrounding the nephrons secrete excess amounts of hydrogen ions and potassium ions into the nephron tubules.

2) This process also rids the body of drugs, uric acid, hemoglobin breakdown products, and other wastes.

3. Urination is a reflex response which empties the bladder.

a. The internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control) regulates flow from the bladder into the urethra.

b. The external urethral sphincter (voluntary control) opens to void urine from the body.

c. Kidney stones are deposits of uric acid that collect in the renal pelvis or lodge in the ureter; they can be removed by surgery or lithotripsy.

B. Factors That Influence Blood Filtration

1. The kidneys can process about 1.5 quarts of blood each minute because of two factors:

a. Blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure in arterioles that have wider diameters than most arterioles.

b. Glomerular capillaries are highly permeable to water and small solutes.

2. The rate at which the kidneys filter a given volume of blood depends on the flow of blood through them and the rate of reabsorption in the tubules; neural and hormonal controls operate.

                

                             

                                          DIAGRAM  3

POSTED BY:

SHAMILY

0656 848274

DODOMA TANZANIA

EDUCATION BLOG FOR SECONDARY LEVELS  FORM   I   II III  IV 

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Instruments used in Surveying....FORM THREE

  Instruments used in Surveying

                                    Instruments Used for Measuring Distance:

1. Chain 

a.  Metric chain

b.  Steel band chain

c.   Günter’s Chain

d.  Revenue Chain

e.  Engineers chain

2. Arrows (chain pins)

3. Tapes

a.  Cloth or linen Tape

b.  Metric Woven Metallic Tape

c.   Metric steel Tape

d.  Invar tape.

e.  Synthetic Tape.

f.    Wooden pegs.

5. Ranging Road.

6. Ranging Poles.

7. Offset Rod.

8. Laths

9. Whites

10. Plumb Bob

1. Chain

The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire 4mm in diameter called links. The end pf each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. The ends of the chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground. The length of link is the distance between the centers of the two consecutive middle rings. The end links includes the handles. Metallic tags or indicators are fixed at various distinctive of the chain to facilitate quick reading.

a. Metric surveying chains:

The chains are made in lengths of 20 and 30 meters. To enable the reading of factious of a chain, tallies (tags) are fixed at every five meter length and small brass rings are provided at every meter length. To facilitate holding of the arrows in position with the handle, a groove is cut on the out side surface of the handle. The handle joints are flexible. the tallies used for marking the distances in a metric chain are marked with letters ‘Me’ and ‘m’.

b. Steel Band Chain:

It consists of a ribbon of steel with bras handle at each end. It is 20 or 30long and 16 mm wide. It is wound on an open steel cross or on the metal reel in a closed case. The graduations are etched as meters decimeters, centimeters on one side and 0.2 m links on the other. Brass tallies are fixed at every 5 m length of the band.

c. Günter’s Chain:

It is 66 fit long and is divided into 100 links. Each link is 0.66 ft long. It is very convenient for measuring distance in miles and furlongs. Also for measuring area and when the units of area is an acre

d. Revenue Chain:

It is commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral survey. It is 33 ft long and divided into 16 links. Each link is 2.0625 ft long.

e. Engineer’s chain:

It is 100 ft long and it is divided into 100 links. Each link is 1 ft in a length. Used in all Engineering surveys.

2. Arrows (chain pins):

They are also called as marking or chaining pins and are used to mark the end of chain during the process of chaining. They are made up of good quality hardened and tempered steel wire of 4mm in diameter. The arrows are made 400 mm in length. They are pointed at one end of inserting in to the ground. The other end is in to a ring.

3. Tapes:

a. Cloth or Linen Tape:

Used for taking subsidiary measurements, such as offset. It is very light and handy. It is easily affected by damp. If wet it shrinks. It stretches easily and likely to twist.

b. Metric Woven Metallic Tape:

They are available in 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is made of yarn and metal wire. A metal ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. At every centimeter a black line 8 to 10 mm in height is drown. Every 5 centimeters is marked with an arrow in black. Every decimeter and meter is marked with a back line extending over the full width of the tape/ the graduation marks at every decimeter and meter are numbered with black and red figures, respectively.

c. Metric Steel Tape:

Tape is available in 1, 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is of steel or stainless steel. The outer end is provided with a ring. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. The tape is marked with a line at every five millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, and meter. Every decimeter and meter shall be marked with Hindu Arabic numerals in bold. When the button release devised is pressed, the tape automatically rewind in to the case.

d. Invar Tape:

For highest precision work the invar tape in used. It is made of an alloy of steel and nickel (36%).

It is 6 mm wide and may be obtained in length of 30m and 100m. It is not calibrated through its length but has terminal lines. Each terminal division has ten 1 mm division. It is very expensive.

e. Synthetic Tape:

The tapes are manufactured of glass glass fiber having PVC coating. They are graduated every 10 mm and figured every 100 mm. Meter, figures are shown in red. They are convenient for measuring shorts lengths.

Instruments for marking stations:

1. Wooden Pegs:

These are used to mark the positions. They are made of hard timber and tapered at one end. They are usually, 2.5 cm square and 15 cm long. But in soft ground 40 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5 cm square is suitable. They should be driven in the ground with about 4 cm lengths, projecting above the ground.

2. Ranging rods:

Used for making the positions of stations and for ranging. They are made of seasoned timber of teak, blue pine, sisov or deodar. They are circular or octagonal in cross section of 3 cm diameter. Lower shoe is 15 cm long. They are made in two sizes as 2 meters and 3 meters and are divided in to equal parts each 0.2 m long. They are painted alternatively black and white or red and white. Now a day instead of timber, mild steel hallo pipes are used.

3. Ranging Poles:

Similar to the ranging rods but are heavier, they vary in length from 4 m to 6 m or more. Used in the case of very long lines.

4. Offset Rod:

Similar to the ranging rod, they are usually 3 m long and is divided into parts each 0.2 m length. Top is an provided with an open ring for puling or pushing the chain through a hedge. It has two short narrow vertical slots. It is used for aligning short offsets.

5. Laths:

Useful for ranging long lines, also used over uneven ground where the ranging rod is not visible due to obstructions, they are light, cheap, being white; they are easily visible at a great distance. Unusually 1.0m long

6. Whites:

When the ranging rod is not available or insufficient, whites are used. These are thin strip of bamboo and 40 cm to 1 m in length. One end is sharp and the other end is split for inserting pieces of white papers. They are also useful for temporary marking of counter points.

7. Plumb Bob:

The plumb bob is required when measuring the distance along slopes in order to transfer points to the ground. It is also used for testing the verticality of ranging poles.

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SIMPLE CHAIN SURVEY....FORM FOUR

                   HOW TO AVOID OBSTACLES IN CHAIN SURVEY

1…..SLOPE

SOLUTION

.STEPPINGa)

On ground which is of variable slope this is the bestmethod and needs no calculation.

b)The measurement is done in short lengths of 5-10m, theleader holding the length horizontal

.c)The point on the ground below the free and of the band isthe best located by plumb bob.

d)It will be seen that it is easier to work downhill when‘stepping’ than to work uphill, the follower then haring thedifficult job of holding the band taut, horizontal, and withthe end vertically over the previous arrow

.e)The leader has therefore to line him in.ii.MEASURING ALONG THE SLOPEa)Measurements of slope angle,Correct length = measured length × cosWhere = angle of slope Thus the correction = -L (1-cos)b)AB represents one tape length, say 30m measured alongthe slope.

F)

Point C beyond B such that a plumb bobs at C will cut Thehorizontal through A at D, where AD is 30m on thehorizontal.Now,AC = AD secBC = AC – AD = AC – AD = AD sec - AD= AD - ADWhere is a radian. Therefore, correction BC = AD sayd)Slope can be expressed also as in 1 in n, which mean arise of 1 unit for n units horizontally, for small angles =radians.e)Slope can also be expressed in terms of difference in level,h, between two points.f)Finally, Pythagoras’ Theorem may be used

2…LAKES

SOLUTION

a)The network of lines is set out to surround the area in themanner shown.

b)The base line AB is first scaled and plotted

.c)From the shorter base AC, E is plotted and the lineextended to F.

d)From the new base EF, G is plotted and the line isextended to X.e)From the base DB, H is plotted and the line BH is alsoextended to X.f)The two separately plotted position of X should coincide toprove the accuracy of the plot.

3….RIVER

SOLUTION

i.WITOUT SETTING OUT A RIGHT-ANGLE

a)Illustrates the solution where AB is the part of theranged line which cannot be measured

.b)A suitable point D is chosen and AD is measured andproduced an equal distance to G.

c)Another point C on the line is chosen; CD is measuredand produced an equal distance to F

.d)FG is now parallel to the ranged line AB and byproducing FG to E, which also lines on BD produced, thetriangle DGE is laid out equal to triangle ABD.e)The measure of GE produced the required measure of AB.ii.SETTING OUT A RIGHT-ANGLEa)Illustrate a similar solution using an optical square.

b)

At A a right-angle is set out and the line AC is measuredwith D its mid-point.c)At C another right-angle is set out towards E, which alsolies on BD produced.d)The measure of CE produces the required measure of AB

4..HILLS

SOLUTION

i.WHEN BOTH ENDS ARE VISIBLE FROM INTERMEDIATEPOINTS ON A LINEa)A and B are terminal points of a survey line.

b)

 These lines cannot be ranged directly because of therising ground, but by taking up positions at C

1

, and D

1

,approximately on the line, both terminal stations can beseen from both points.

c)

From C

1

, D

1

is ranged to D

2

on line to B.

d)

D

2

then ranges C

1

to C

2

on line to A

e)

C

2

then ranges D

2

again on line to B until the positions isreached when from C D can be seen to be on line to B, andfrom D C can be seen to be on line to A, when the wholeline is properly ranged.ii.WHEN BOTH ENDS ARE NOT VISIBLE FROM ANYINTERMEDIATE POINTa)When it is impossible to adopt the method (1) the linemay be range by means of the random line.b)Here a line AB’ is set out clear of the obstruction in sucha way that a perpendicular from B may be dropped tothe random line at B’c)AB’ and B’B are measured and fro the similar trianglesthe perpendicular distance from C’ to C can becalculated if the distance AC’ is knownd)Similarly when AD’ is known:

5….NARROW STRIP OF LAND

SOLUTION

a)Use the same principle with lakes

.b)Although nowadays, this work would normally beundertaken by a theodolite transverse. The use of chainedtriangles is simply the linear method plotting the angles

c)The triangles should be checked as usual.

6…BUILDING AND STRUCTURE

SOLUTIONi

.WITHOUT SETTING OUT A RIGHT-ANGLEa)Proceeds as far as A and can go no farther.b)From the base AB a point C is set out where AB = AC =BC.

c)

 This results in the equilateral triangle ABC where anglesABC = 60

0

d)The lines BC is produced to D clear of the obstruction andanother equilateral triangle is constructed as before.e)The line DF is then produced to G such that BD = DG, sothat the triangle BDG is also equilateral.f)G now lies on the extension of AB, but the direction of theline cannot be establish until the third equilateral trianglesGHK is set out.g)Once this is done HG produced provides the extension of the line AB on the other side of the building.h)The obstructed length AH = BD – (AB + GH) because BD =DG = GB by construction.i)ii.SETTING OUT RIGHT-ANGLEa)Again the ranged line ends at A and can go no farther.

b)

At A a right –angle is set out.c)C is placed clear of the obstruction.d)Going back to a point B another right-angle is set out andD is placed, such that AC = BDe)DC is now parallel to the line AB and can be extended pastthe obstruction to E and F.f)At both these points right-angles are set out to G and it Hsuch that EG = FH =AC =BD.g)GH produced provides the extension of the line AB on theother side of the obstacle and the measured length of ECequals the obstructed length AG.

7..POND

SOLUTION This can chain aroundi.ILLUSTRATE A SOLUTION WITOUT SETTING OUT A RIGHT-ANGLEa)The line AB is ranged, but the measurement of AB cannotbe taken directly.b)A point C is set out clear of the obstruction and D and Eare placed midway along the lines AC and CB respectively.c)ED is measured and twice this distance gives the length of AB.d)Other ratios for similar triangles such as 1:3 instead of 1:2may be used depending on surrounding obstructions.ii.ILLUTRATE THE SOLUTION OF THE SAME PROBLEM ANOPTICAL SQUAREa)Right-angle are set off the line at A and B, and C and D aremarked such that AC = BD.b)CD is measured to give the length OF AB

SORRY….THE DIAGRAM UNABLE TO SEEN

WRITTEN BY   SHAMILY

2013

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