MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHA

                                                    MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHA

Uchaguzi bora wa Mbinu na Njia za Kufundishia

Ni Jumla ya vitendo vya maandalizi ya somo linalokusudiwa, matumizi ya vifaa vya kufundishia na kujifunzia, vitendo vya mwanafunzi katika harakati za kujifunza na jukumu la Mwalimu kinadharia na vitendo katika ufundishaji na ujifunzaji.

Maana ya Mbinu za Kufundishia

Ni mwongozo mbalimbali atumiao Mwalimu darasani wakati wa kuwasilisha somo alilioliandaa kwa wanafunzi wake.

Mwalimu anapashwa kuaamua kwa kuchagua kwa makini Njia na Mbinu bora za kufundishia ili wanafunzi wake waweze kujifunza kwa ufanisi.

Misingi ya kuchagua njia na mbinu ni kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo:-

Maudhui ya somo.

• Mwalimu lazima azingatie hali ya somo, maarifa na stadi anayopaswa kujenga mwanafunzi.

Hali  na umri wa wanafunzi wako.

• Mwalimu lazima azingatie umri wa wanafunzi, kukomaa au kutokomaa kwa akili za wanafunzi na mazingira yao ya nyumbani na ya shuleni.

Malengo ya somo.

• Bainisha mambo ambayo wanafunzi wako wanataka kufanikisha katika maisha yao.

Uwezo wa Mwalimu juu ya somo au mada husika.

• Zingatia uwezo wako, ujuzi, utaalamu ulionao katika kutumia mbinu au njia inayotarajiwa.

Vifaa na zana za kufundishia na kujifunzia.

• Zingatia upatikanaji wa zana na vifaa shuleni au katika mazingira ya shule (Zingatia ufaraguzi wa Zana).

Vionjo na hali ya wanafunzi.

• Njia au mbinu utakazotumia zioane na vionjo na hali za wanafunzi. Njia zisipingane na sifa hizo kwani malengo ya somo hayawezi kufanikisha

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MARINE EROSION

                                   MARINE EROSION

cliff

It can be said that these are the most common and important erosional coastal landform, due to their number and the amount of pressure human activity places upon them.

They result from the interaction of a number of processes:

 Geological.

 Sub-aerial.

 Marine.

 Meteorological.

 Human activity.

Cliffs are steep if removal of material at its base is greater than supply.

Cliffs are shallow if the supply of material is greater than removal.

A direct relationship exists between rock type, erosion rate and cliff morphology.

Hard rock cliffs:

Examples include granite and basalt cliffs. They exhibit a slow rate of erosion and tend to be stable.

Soft rock cliffs:

Examples include cliffs comprised of glacial till and clay, such as those found at Fairlight Cove in Hastings.

These cliffs often erode rapidly. In these cliffs, sub-aerial processes can contribute more to erosion than marine processes, leading to mass movements such as sliding, slumping and falls.

The diagram below illustrates this:

Reasons for cliff erosion at Holderness:

The cliffs at Holderness have an average speed of retreat of 2m per year.

 Cliffs are made of soft glacial till.

 Till is easily eroded at base by waves, resulting in instability.

 Rainwater from above enters the till easily, adding to its weight and instability.

 Massive slumps and slides occur.

A similar situation exists at Baton on sea in Hampshire and Beachy Head.

Headlands and bays

Usually found where less resistant and more resistant rock alternates. The less resistant rock is attacked, first forming bays, and the stronger rock remains as headlands. As wave refraction later occurs, energy becomes concentrated on headlands, leaving them more liable to erosion.

Wave cut platforms

These are gently sloping features, often found extending from the base of a cliff. They consist partly of material removed from the cliff (wave cut notch) as a result of continual undercutting by waves. (See diagram below):

As undercutting increases, the cliff slowly retreats, leaving a platform with an angle of less than 4 degrees. The platform widens to a point, but due to the cliff being attacked less frequently by waves, it is thought that they can only reach a maximum of 0.5km.

Caves, arches, stacks and blowholes

All of the above are secondary features occurring during cliff formation. They originate due to lines of weakness such as joints or faults being attacked and made larger by marine erosion. Caves occur where the weakness is at the base of the cliff, and can become a blowhole if the crack extends all the way to the surface.

Caves formed on either side of a headland may form an arch if the 2 caves join together.

Stacks are collapsed arches.

Stumps are stacks that have been eroded and lost height.


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FEATURES OF WIND EROSION

FEATURES OF WIND EROSION

Erosion is


the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by exogenetic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.

While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive erosion causes problems such as desertification, decreases in agricultural productivity due to land degradation, sedimentation of waterways, and ecological collapse due to loss of the nutrient rich upper soil layers. Water and wind erosion are now the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for 84% of degraded acreage, making excessive erosion one of the most significant global environmental problems.

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