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WATOTO WA MAMA NTILIYE

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                            UCHAMBUZI  WA FASIHI SIMULIZI

WATOTO WA MAMA NTILIYE
KIPENGELE  CHA  FANI: 

1.     mwanafunzi atatakiwa kujibu maswali yatayohusiana na kipengele cha fani, 
2.     rejea vipengele vya fani katika vitabu mbalimbali


MWANDISHI:         EMMANUEL MBOGO
WACHAPISHAJI: HEKO PUBLISHERS
MWAKA: 2002



WATOTO WA MAMA N'TILIYE image

JINA LA KITABU
Jina la kitabu WATOTO WA MAMA NTILIE limesadifu yaliyomo ndani ya kitabu, kinaeleza kuhusu maisha ya watoto wa mama ntilie. Maisha ya dhiki, umaskini uliokithiri, maisha yasiyo ya faraja yaliyokosa malezi bora, chakula bora, elimu, huduma ya afya nk. Jina la kitabu linaakisi yaliyomo ndani ya kitabu na katika jamii yetu ya leo kwani akina mama wengi hawana kazi nzuri za kuwaingizia kipato kikubwa na bado wanategemewa katika malezi. Mwandishi ametumia jina hili ili kibua kero na matatizo yaliyoko katika jamii.

UTANGULIZI WA KITABU
Riwaya ya Watoto wa Mama N’tilie ni riwaya ambayo inasadifu maisha ya Mtanzania wa leo. Inaangazia suala la umaskini  na hali ngumu ya maisha, wimbi la watoto wa mitaani, masuala ya uhalifu wizi na ujambazi, malezi nk. Mwandishi Mbogo amejitahidi sana. Pia katika fani ametumia muundo na mtindo wenye kuwavutia wasomaji pia kawaumba wahusika wake kwa usadifu wa hali ya juu huku mandhari yake ikiwa ni halisi inayosawiri maisha ya Tanzania.

FANI

MUUNDO
Muundo uliotawala katika riwaya hii ni muundo wa rukia au rejea. Mfano sura ya tatu mwandishi anatuelezea juu ya safari ya Mama ntilie kwenda matombo uk.34. Lakini anaacha kisa hicho ndani ya sura hiyohiyo anaanza kutuelezea juu ya kuzaliwa kwa watoto Kurwa na Doto na asili yao. Pia uk.80 mwandishi anatudokeza juu ya safari ya kwenda kwa Musa na hatuoneshi hatma ya safari yake bali anarukia kisa kingine na kuanza kutuelezea juu ya Zita kupandwa na kichaa uk.81. Vilevile uk.85-86 anatusimulia juu ya safari ya Mama Zita na Zenabu kuelekea hospitali kumwona Zita lakini hatuoneshi hatma ya safari yao bali anarukia kisa kingine na kuturudisha nyumbani kwa Mzee Lomolomo na jinsi anavyofakamia pombe alafu anaturudisha tena kutuambia juu ya kifo cha Zita hospitalini Muhimbili.
Mwandishi amegawa visa na matukio katika sura tano. Sura hizi zimejengwa katika muundo unaotegemeana ili kukamilisha kilele cha masimulizi.

MTINDO
Mtindo aliotumia mwandishi ni wa masimulizi ya mjazo au lugha ya nathari ameeleza visa mwenyewe na vingine wahusika wamevielezea. Pia ametumia mitindo kadha wa kadha. Mfano;
  • Matumizi ya nafsi
    • Nafsi ya tatu wingi na umoja
    Uk.15 “Peter aliokota kipande cha muhogo” “alisafisha kipande cha muhogo”
    Uk.27 “walisaidiana wakaubeba” uk.26 “watu walisongamana walisukumana…..”.
    Kwa kiasi kikubwa matumizi ya nafsi ya tatu ndiyo yaliyotawala.

    Nafsi ya kwanza umoja na wingi
    Uk.58 “nitasema nitasema!”
    Uk.58 “njoo tuongee”
    Uk.56 “twende tule”
                Matumizi ya nafsi ya pili au dayalojia
    Uk.89 pale Mama ntilie alipokumbuka majibizano yake na Zita.
    MAMA NTILIE: na hiyo nguo namna gani? Mbona chafu hivyo na leo ndio kwanza
                                 Jumanne.
    PETER: mbwa Mama……
    ZITA: amenikwaruza kidogo na makucha yake.        

                Matumizi ya tanzu nyingine za kifasihi, mfano wimbo
    Uk.78 “Jua ni moto
                 Tena ni mwangaza
                  Wa  Dunia
                  Nadina yoo
                  Nadina mama
                  Tumwombe Mungu Baba”
    Uk.10 wimbo alouimba mzee Lomolomo.
                “Kuleni nae
                  Hata bangi vuteni nae
                  Lakini ni kazi bure
                  Mwenzenu nimezaa naye
                  Pepepe kijani cha mbaazi
                  Kijaluba na msondo
                  Kiboko yao”.      
    Hivyo mwandishi ametumia mitindo hiyo ili kutomchosha msomaji mfano wimbo unamburudisha msomaji, majibizano yanavuta umakini zaidi na matumizi ya nafsi mbalimbali.

    MATUMIZI YA LUGHA
    Riwaya ya Watoto wa Mama Ntilie imetumia lugha rahisi, fasaha na inayoeleweka kwa wasomaji. Kuna matumizi ya lugha ya kiingereza mfano. Uk.36 “chloroquine”, “Rosewine na Queen Elizabeth”, Uk.83 “faster faster mama” uk.1 “landrover”. Pia kuna matumizi ya lugha ya miitaani uk.41 “kudeku…..”
  • Matumizi ya tamathali za semi
    • Tashibiha
    uk.10 “mdomo wake ulio kaa kama bakuli la pombe”
    Uk.12 “mama ntilie alikaa kama kapigwa na radi”
    Uk.15 “miguu kama ya mamba”
    Uk.46 “aliinamisha shingo nayo ikapinda kama mforosadi” “kichwa kama stafeli”
    Uk.40. “kitovu chake kama jicho chongo”
    Uk.23 “Kurwa aliruka nyuma kama Chui”
    Uk.45 “akaruka kama Paa”

                Tashihisi
    Uk. 10 “mabega yenyewe tayari yalikuwa yamechongwa kwa pombe ya gongo                    
                  Yameangalia juu karibu yakutane na masikio”
    Uk.17 “aliziona nywele za kipilipili za Musa ngumu kama katani hazijaonja maji wala
                 sabuni”
    Uk.19 “ moshi wenye harufu ya kuudhi ulilelea hewani na kumlaki mtoto Peter.”
    Uk.35 “…… visogo vitatu vilikata kona na kupotea”
    Uk.46 “koo lilimsaliti”
    Uk.40 “miguuni raba zinazocheka kwa huzuni”
    Uk.46 “mlango ule wa kuungwa na gundi ulitika labeka”

    Sitiari
    Uk.10 “Nyama nyie”
    Uk.86 “…… wakatembea mwendo wa Farasi”

    Ritifaa
    Uk.38 “Mama? Mama yuko wapi, Baba yuko wapi? Mapenzi yao yako wapi?”
    Uk.92 “Zita! Zita! Zita! Zita umekwenda! Umenitoroka, Zita mwanangu”
    Uk.93 “Baba! Baba watoto? Mwenzangu! Ee! Amka, simama! Usiniachie tanzia hii peke
                 Yangu”

    Tafsida
    Uk.91 “haja kubwa”

  • Matumizi ya mbinu nyingine za kisanaa.

    • Onomatopea /tanakali sauti
    Uk.5 “….. aliupinda mgongo kwa mbele akausikia unalia ka-ka-ka-ka, alitema mate tena
               Phuuuu”
    Uk.11 “alikohoa ukho! okho!”
    Uk.19 “…. Kwa kupiga chafya mbili au tatu Tcha! Tcha! Tcha!”
    Uk.50 “Bwee! Bwee! Bwee! Mbwa ….”
    Uk.50 “Hali … vicheko Woo! Woo! Weee! Weee! Heheheee! Leooo!”

    Takriri
    Uk.12 “twende! Twende! Nakuwacha nakauwacha!”
    Uk.58 “ Nivione! Nivione! Nivione vya kazi gani!”
    Uk.60 “ Nipishe! Nipishe! Nipishe!
    Uk.61 “kukurukakara, kukurukakara,kukurkakara”
    Uk.91 “ Baba! Baba! amka Baba”

    Mjalizo
    Uk. 40 “… akapata pesa, akala, akashiba”
                Mdokezo
    Uk.58 “usiseme hivyo! Unasikia ee! Usi……”
    Uk.71  mara akaanza kuimba tena uleule wimbo wake wa  “siwezi kuuwa mtu
                mama”
    Uk.73 “lakini…….”
    Uk.79 “ alikumbuka jaa laa jiji na ………”

    Nidaa
    Uk.44 “ Oh! Mungu wangu!”
    Uk.91 “ Mama wee!”
    Uk.90 “Hamadi! Mtume!”

  • Matumizi ya semi

    • Nahau
    Uk.43 “…. Kupiga usingizi”

    Methali
    Uk.34 “ kamba hukatikia pembamba”
    Uk. 69 “fadhila za Punda”

    Misemo
    Uk.35 “ mtu wa maji” – mlevi.
    Uk.13 “kwake pombe ya mataputapu na gongo alivifanya dini”.

  • Matumizi ya taswira
    • Taswira mwonekano mfano
    Uk.1 “ Mbwa huyu mweusi mwenye mkia mweupe, alionekana akitembea mwendo wa polepole. Ulimi wake mrefu ulionekana ukidondoka mate ya utelezi” hii inatufanya tupate picha halisi ya jinsi Mbwa huyo alivyo kupitia maneno ya msanii”.
    Uk.5 “….. hatua tatu mbele yake Sufuria, Vikombe na Sahani chafu zilizagaa pale nje zikimtazama. Akawaona nzi wakitembea na kurukaruka juu ya vyombo vichafu.
    Uk.10 “ mabega yenyewe tayari yalikuwa yamechonngoka kwa pombe ya gongo yameangalia juu karibu yakutane na masikio.”
    Uk.69 “Zenabu alibaki pale mlangoni kavaa gauni aina ya shifti, kitambaa cha Hariri”

    Taswira hisi
    Uk.91 “ Mzee Lomolomo alilala mdomo wazi Nzi wakubwa wa kijani kibichi wamejaa tele mdomoni mwake”. Hii inamfanya msomaji ajisikie kinyaa kutokana na hali hiyo ya Mzee Lomolomo anaposema nzi wa kijani kibichi, kwani hao ni nzi wanaokaa sana chooni na kwenye uchafu.

    WAHUSIKA
    Mama Ntilie
    • Ni mama mzazi wa Peter na Zita
    • Ni mke wa Mzee Lomolomo
    • Mlezi mzuri wa familia
    • Ni mvumilivu sana
    • Ana huruma
    • Ni mchapakazi na anayejituma
    • Ana hali ngumu kimaisha
    Mzee Lomolomo
    • Ni mme wa mama ntilie
    • Baba wa Peter na Zita
    • Mlevi
    • Mvivu
    • Si mlezi bora hajali familia
    • Anakufa kwa sababu ya kunywa sana pombe
    Peter
    • Mtoto wa mama ntilie
    • Anakosa elimu kwa sababu ya umaskini
    • Ana bidii na mchapakazi
    • Ana huruma
    • Anafungwa jela sababu ya kufanya biashara haramu ya madawa ya kulevya
    Zita
    • Mtoto wa kike wa mama ntilie
    • Anakosa elimu sababu ya umaskini
    • Ni mchapakazi
    • Anagombana na Kurwa hakupenda aje kwao, roho mbaya
    • Anakufa kwa ugonjwa wa kichaa cha mbwa
    Doto
    • Ni mtoto yatima
    • Mtoto wa mtaani
    • Doto anauawa baada ya kujiingiza katika uhalifu wa wizi
    • Ni mgomvi na katili
    Kurwa
    • Ni ndugu yake Doto
    • Anaishi mtaani
    • Ni yatima
    • Ana huruma
    • Ana nguvu na jasiri
    • Ni mchapakazi
    • Anaishia jela kwa sababu ya makosa ya Musa na Peter
    Zenabu
    • Ni jirani wa Mama ntilie
    • Ana huruma
    • Mfanyakazi wa baa
    • Alimsaidia kurwa kumpeleka hospitali baada ya kupandwa na kichaa.
    Musa
    • Ni mtoto aliyekosa elimu baada ya kukosa sare na ada
    • Alikosa malezi mazuri ya wazazi
    • Mhalifu, anafanya biashara haramu za madawa ya kulevya
    • Ana tamaa ya pesa
    • Ni rafiki mbaya kwani alimshauri Peter kuuza madawa ya kulevya
    Mwalimu Chikoya
    • Ni mwalimu  wa akina Peter na Zita
    • Aliwafukuza Peter na Zita shule sababu ya kukosa ada
    • Si mwalimu mzuri

    MANDHARI
    Mandhari iliyotumika katika riwaya hii ni mandhari ya jiji la Dar es Salaam. Hii ni kutokana na kutajwa kwa maeneo ya jiji mfano, Manzese, Tabata, Kiwanda cha Urafiki, Kisutu, Muhimbili nk. Pia ametumia mandhari ya nyumbani mfano nyumbani kwa Mama Ntilie uk.5, mandhari ya hospitali ya Muhimbili uk.89, mandhari ya jaani-jaa la Tabata uk.20.
    Kwa hiyo mwandishi ametumia mandhari inayosadifu aliyoyaeleza anaibua dhamira halisi zinazosawiri maisha ya Mtanzania wa leo kwa mandhari hiyo mfano suala la umaskini na wimbi la watoto wa mitaani.
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    CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS

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      CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS

    USEFUL FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS
    (O-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY)

    NOTE:  YOU MUST UNDERSTAND THIS CHAPTER, WILL HELP YOU WHEN READING
                   AND INTERPRETING   MAP   BECAUSE  SOMETIME  CLIMATIC CONDITION DEFINES  ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ON THE MAP.


    NOTE:     YOU ARE RECOMMENDED  TO  PERFORM REGULAR  MAP  EXERCISES,
                      BECAUSE SOMETIME  MAP INTERPRETING  NEEDS  MATHEMATICAL
                     STATEMENTS.




    World climatic types and their characteristics;

    The world climate is neither uniform nor static. Climate conditions vary from one region to another throughout the world. Temperature and rainfall are the most important element determining climate which themselves vary from one region to another. Since rainfall and temperature are the most important elements determining climate, they form a good basis for classifying climate.


    World climate can be classified as follows;


    Equatorial climate, Tropical(Savannah) climate, Tropical desert climate, Warm temperature desert climate, Warm temperature western margin climate, Warm temperature continental climate, Warm temperature eastern margin climate, Cool temperature western margin climate, Cool temperature continental climate, Cool temperature eastern margin climate, Cold temperature western margin climate, Cold temperature continental climate, Cold temperature eastern margin climate, Tundra climate, Polar climate, and Mountain climate.
    But the major climates of the world are;
    Equatorial climate, Tropical (Savannah) climate, and Desert climate.

    EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

    This climate commonly occurs in the lowland between 5o North and South of the equator. However in some part of the world, it may extend up to 10o North and South of the equator, Example Congo Basin in Africa and Amazon Basin in South America. Equatorial climate is characterized by the following characteristics;
    1. High temperatures throughout the year with an average of 27oC and an annual range at about 3oC.
    2. Heavy rainfall throughout the year with double maxima.
    3. Mean annual range of 1,500 mm.
    4. Rainfall is commonly convectional type.
    5. Lightning and thunderstorms are common.
    6. Relative humidity is very high
    7. There are no seasons.

    TROPICAL (SAVANNAH) CLIMATE


    This climate prevails in the region within the tropics between 5o and 15o on either side of the equator. Characteristics of this climate include;
    1. Temperature are high during the hot and dry seasons up to 32oC.
    2. During the coolest months, temperatures drops to 21oC.
    3. Annual range of temperature is relatively high at 11oC, which is relatively high.
    4. Temperatures are highest just before the onset of the rainy season.
    5. Rainfall is moderate and is higher near the areas that experience equatorial climate.
    6. Rainfall is usually of convectional type.
    7. Presence of two distinct seasons, the hot and dry seasons.

    TROPICAL DESERT CLIMATE. 


    This occurs between 15o and 30o North and South of the equator. For example Namib Desert and Sahara Desert. It has the followings characteristics;
    1. High mean monthly temperature of 29oC during the hot season.
    2. During the cool season, temperature can be as low as 10oC.
    3. Daytime temperatures can rise to 47oC or more.
    4. Night temperatures can drop to as low as 5oC.
    5. Annual temperature range is very high. It can reach 26oC while diurnal range of temperature is high as approximately 40oC.
    6. Rainfall is very low, rare and erratic.

    FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE

    Climate is made up of elements that are the same as those of weather. The characteristics of various types of climate are the result of influence of the following factors:
    a. atitude
    Latitude influence temperatures on the surface of the earth such that areas that are nearer to the equator experience high temperature than those further away.
    b. Altitude
    This factor influences mainly temperature and atmospheric pressure of a region. Low attitude regions are warmer and experience high atmospheric pressure while high-altitude area are cooler and have low atmospheric pressure.
    c. Distance from the sea
    This factor is also referred to as the effect of being nearer to the sea. The influence of the sea is both on temperature and rainfall of a region. The area which is near to the sea have high temperature and rainfall which modified by the effect of wind while the area which is far apart from the sea has low temperature and rainfall due to the blowing of wind and scarcity of vegetation
    d. Aspect
    Refer to direction in which the slope faces in the northern hemisphere, the southward facing slopes are warmer than the northward –facing slopes. Thus because the northward  - facing slopes never receive direct sunshine as the sun in this region never get overhead.
    e. Ocean currents
    Ocean currents following along the coast tend to modify the climate of the coastal regions. Warms ocean currents along the coast lead to the formation of rainfall like Mozambique ocean current which is warm, while cold ocean currents lead to the dry of the area like western part of South Africa. Example of that current is Benguela ocean currents.
    d. Prevailing winds.
    Wind is the medium of transfer of heat and moisture over the land, that blow from high to low pressure area.
    The areas which characterized by the wind from ocean, lake or forest experienced by moisture which lead to the formation of rainfall, while the areas which that have no moisture from ocean, lakes or forest lack rainfall.
    f. Human activities
    Human activities such as development of settlements, agriculture and construction of dams and creating of man- made lakes have a considerable influence on climate especially on local areas. Also due to activities such as clearing of forest it changes climate


    IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CLIMATE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS;


    1. It helps to identify the nature of the area
    2. It helps to determine the nature of the location of the specific area. Example by considering latitude and longitude.
    3. It helps to improve economic activities such as agriculture by looking at the nature of climate example sugarcane along the tropical area.
    4. It helps in controlling natural hazard.



    MAJOR NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD.
    1. The equatorial region
    2. Tropical grasslands/savannah
    3. Mediterranean regions
    4. Warm temperature/steppe
    5. Monsoon region
    6. Tundra/Polar regions

    1. THE EQUATORIAL REGION
    The equatorial regions lies between latitude zero degree and 5o degree North and South of the equator.
    The areas include Indonesia, Colombia, Congo basin, Amazon basin and West African Coast.


    CHARACTERISTICS OF EQUATORIAL REGIONS.

    1. Equatorial regions has dense forests with broad leaves throughout the year.
    2. The temperature of this region is high about 27oC
    3. There is high humidity

    ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF EQUATORIAL REGIONS


    1. Agriculture, due to availability of rainfall throughout the year and the soil is fertile.
    2. Tourism activities due to the presence of wild animals such as elephant, Monkeys, Crocodile, Hippopotamus etc.
    3. Navigation due to the presence of numerous water bodies such as rivers example Congo River.
    4. Lumbering due to the presence of many tree species suitable for timber production.

    2. TROPICAL GRASSLANDS/SAVANNAH

    Savannah grasslands lie between the tropical rainforest and semi-desert vegetation in a broad Latitudinal zone 5o – 20o North and South of the equator.
    Examples of the areas with savannah climates are Sudan, West Africa, and Western Madagascar and East and Central Africa.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL GRASSLANDS.

    1. There is domination of scrub forests and thickets
    2. There are two periods yearly one period is of rain season which takes shorter period and the other period of the dry season which take larger periods.
    3. The day condition is hot while the night condition is cold during the dry season.
    4. The equatorial climate is mostly dry in nature

    ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE SAVANNAH CLIMATE

    1. Agriculture due to the presence of fertile soils
    2. Pastoralism due to the presence of scrubs
    3. Fishing activities
    4. Industrial activities eg wire making, food processing, flour milling and fruit canning
    3. WARM TEMPERATURE/STEPPE

    Warm temperature region lies between latitude 20o – 30o North and South of the equator.
    e.g Canada, Argentina, Eurasia etc


    CHARACTERICTICS OF WARM TEMPERATURE
    (i) There is extensive grassland areas having many names given according to the area found;
    Example;
    • Steppe of Eurasia
    • Prairie of Canada
    • Pampas of Argentina
    (ii) The climate is very hot in summer and very cold in winter
    (iii) There is light rainfall between 380 mm – 700 mm
    (iv) There is short vegetation



    ECONOMIC  ACTIVITIES.
    1. Pastoralism  of animals such as cattle and sheep.
    2. Agriculture of crops such as maize, wheat and fruits.
    3. There is a presence of industries due to the presence of agricultural products.
    4. Tourism due to presence of wild animals such as lion, cheetah, elephant, hyena, and so many.
    5. Lumbering due to presence of some tree species suitable for timber production.

    4. MEDITERRANEAN REGION
    Mediterranean region lies between latitude 30o – 45o in the Northern hemisphere and between 30o – 40oin the Southern hemisphere,
    Example of Mediterranean regions are Israel, Spain, Greece, Italy and Egypt.


    CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS


    1. Mediteranean regions are marked by warm summer temperatures
    2. Annual temperature ranges are generally smaller since locations on the western sides of the continents are not well positioned to receive the coldest polar air.
    3. The rainfall is normally light and it varies from 500 mm – 760 mm.
    4. The vegetation is normally hard –leafy forests and scrubs.

    ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE MEDITERANEAN REGIONS

    1. Agriculture activities mainly irrigation schemes and the crops grown are citrus fruits
    2. The animals kept are cattle, sheep and goats

    5. MONSOON REGIONS
    Countries which are included in the monsoon region are Vietnam, Cambodia, South China, North Australia and Horn of Africa (Somali


    CHARACTERISTICS OF MONSOON REGIONS
    1. There is a high rate of heating during the summer period and cool in the cool season.
    2. The vegetation type ranges from monsoon forest to scrubs
    3. There is little amount of rainfall annually

    ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF MONSOON REGIONS
    1. Agriculture e.g. Rice in Burma.
    2. Livestock keeping example pigs, water buffaloes and goats.
    3. Light industries due to presence of agriculture activities
    4. Fishing activities.
    6. TUNDRA/POLAR REGIONS
    The tundra region lies between 60o – 75o of latitude mostly along the Arctic coast and lowlands of North America and on the coastal margins of Greenland.
    Examples of polar countries areas are North America (Canada), Sweden, Finland, Norway and Soviet Union.


    CHARACTERISTICS OF POLAR REGIONS
    1. Days are long as a result of the high latitude
    2. The snow corner of winter melts in warmer season
    3. Winter precipitation consists of dry snow
    4. Annual total rainfall is less than 35 mm
    5. The area has scarcity vegetation due to the presence of very cold climate
    ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF POLAR REGIONS
    1. Hunting practices done by Eskimos
    2. Fishing of whales and seals
    3. Tourism especially during the winter period for winter sports such as skiing
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